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In recent years, a number of theoretical models have been developed at Iowa State University to predict the electrical voltage signals seen during ultrasonic inspections of metal components. For example, the Thompson-Gray measurement model can predict the absolute voltage of the echo from a small defect, given information about the host metal (information such as density, sound speeds, surface curvature, etc.), the defect (size, shape, location, etc.), and the inspection system (water path, transducer characteristics, reference echo from a calibration block, etc.).
